Travel to the poles is typically done by specialty "Expedition" cruise lines, or standard cruise lines that also have expedition ships.
These include: AE Expeditions, Atlas Ocean Voyages, Celebrity Cruises, Hapag-Lloyd Cruises, Hurtigruten, National Geographic / Lindblad Expeditions, Ponant, Quark Expeditions, Scenic Cruises, Seabourn Cruises, Silversea Cruises, Swan Hellenic, and Viking.
Expedition cruise ships are generally smaller than traditional cruise ships, which allows them to reach more remote areas and provide more intimate experiences. They also often come with zodiac boats for shore landings and close-up exploration.
Smaller ships = less people = higher prices on these typically longer than normal cruises to the poles.
It is recommended to first find your desired destinations, then start looking for the cruise lines and ships that offer those routes.